Topic 101 Hardware & Architecture µ§°O Topic 101 Hardware & Architecture ¡P 1.101.1 Configure Fundamental BIOS Settings Description: Candidates should be able to configure fundamental system hardware by making the correct settings in the system BIOS. This objective includes a proper understanding of BIOS configuration issues such as the use of LBA on IDE hard disks larger than 1024 cylinders, enabling or disabling integrated peripherals, as well as configuring systems with (or without) external peripherals such as keyboards. It also includes the correct setting for IRQ, DMA and I/O addresses for all BIOS administrated ports and settings for error handling. Key files, terms, and utilities include: /proc/ioports ¦³Ãöio addressªº¸ê°T /proc/interrupts ¦³Ãö¤¤Â_ªº¸ê°T /proc/dma ¦³Ãödmaªº¸ê°T /proc/pci ¦³Ãöpci¶×¬y±Æªº¸ê°T !! bios(basic input output system) ¥Î¨Ó³]©w¨t²Î®É¶¡¡A³]³Æªº¨Ï¥Î»P§_¡A³]©w?°Ê¶¶§Ç»Pirqªº¤À°t¡C irq¡]interrupt request¡^½s¸¹0~15¦@16­Ó dma¡]direct memory access) ½s¸¹0~7¦@8­Ó ¦@¥Î¦P¤@­Óirqªº³]³Æ¤£¥i¯à¦³¬Û¦Pªºio address ±`¨£ªºirq¦³ ttyS0 4 ttyS1 3 ttyS2 4 ttyS3 3 lp0 7 lp1 5 fd0 6 fd1 2 ±`¨£ªºioports¦³ ttyS0 03e8-03ef ttyS1 02e8-02ef ±`¨£ªºdma ¤@¯ë¥u¦³floppydisk¨Ï¥Îdma ** /proc/apm apm¹q·½ºÞ²z /proc/cmdline kernelªº?°Ê°Ñ¼Æ /proc/cpuinfo cpuªº¸ê°T¡Aprocinfo¥Î /proc/devices ¨t²Îªº¦r¤¸³]³Æ»P¶ô³]³Æªº¦Cªí¡]¥]¬A¥D³]³Æ¸¹¡^,MAKEDEV¨Ï¥Î /proc/filesystems ¥Ø«e¤ä´©ªº¤À°ÏÃþ«¬»P¨Ï¥Îªº¤À°ÏÃþ«¬,mount©R¥O¨S¦³-t®É¦Û°Ê¹Á¸Õ³o¨Ç¤À°ÏÃþ«¬ ??/proc/fd ??/proc/execdomains /proc/iomem ¨t²Î°ª¦ì°O¾ÐÅé¸ê°T¡A³q±`¥Î¨ÓÀx¦s³]³ÆROM /proc/kcore ¹êÅé°O¾ÐÅé ??/proc/kmsg ¥Ñdmesg¨Ï¥Î ??/proc/ksyms /proc/loadavg ¨t²Î1¡A5¡A15¤ÀÄÁ«eªº­t²ü¡A¬¡°Ê¶iµ{/Á`¶iµ{¼Æ¡A¨Ñuptimeµ¥©R¥O¨Ï¥Î /proc/locks Âê©wªº¤å¥ó¦Cªí ??/proc/mdstat /proc/meminfo °O¾ÐÅé»P¥æ´«¤å¥óªº¸ê°T¡A¨Ñfreeµ¥©R¥O¨Ï¥Î ??/proc/misc /proc/modules ¸ü¤Jªº¼Ò²Õ¸ê°T /proc/mounts mount¸ê°T ??/proc/mtrr /proc/partitions ª«²z¤À°Ï¸ê°T ??/proc/slabinfo /proc/stat ¨t²Îª¬ºA¸ê°T /proc/swaps ¥æ´«¤å¥ó¡A¤À°Ïªº¸ê°T /proc/uptime ¶}¾÷®É¶¡ /proc/version ¤º®Öª©¥» /proc/bus /pci/devices pci³]³Æ¸ê°T /usb/devices usb³]³Æ¸ê°T /proc/driver /rtc rtc®É¶¡ /proc/ide ide³]³Æ¸ê°T /proc/scsi scsi³]³Æ¸ê°T ??/proc/net /arp arpªí /dev ³]³Æ¦Cªí ??/proc/sys /proc¤Uªº¼Æ¦ì¥Ø¿ý¥Nªí¤@­Ó¶iµ{ªºpid /proc/[:num:]/cmdline ¶iµ{©R¥O /proc/[:num:]/cwd ¹B¦æ¸ô®| /proc/[:num:]/environ Àô¹ÒÅÜ¼Æ /proc/[:num:]/exe ¶iµ{exe¸ô®| /proc/[:num:]/root ¶iµ{®Ú¥Ø¿ý /proc/[:num:]/maps °O¾ÐÅé¬M®g ¡P 1.101.3 Configure Modem and Sound cards Description:Ensure devices meet compatibility requirements (particularly that the modem is NOT a win-modem), verify that both the modem and sound card are using unique and correct IRQ's, I/O, and DMA addresses, if the sound card is PnP install and run sndconfig and isapnp, configure modem for outbound dial-up, configure modem for outbound PPP | SLIP | CSLIP connection, set serial port for 115.2 Kbps !! ³q±`­µ®Ä¥d¦û¥Îªºirq?5¡A©ÎªÌ7 ­µ®Ä¥dªº°t¸m ================================================================================= [Sound SB ¬Û®e­µ®Ä¥d] ¥ý½T©w¬O§_¤w¦w¸Ësndconfig³o­ÓRPM¡C­YµL¡A±N¦w¸Ë¥úºÐ©ñ¤J¡A°õ¦æ¤U¦C¦w¸Ë? mount /mnt/cdrom cd /mnt/cdrom cd RedHat/RPMS rpm -Uvh *sndconfig* ±µ¤U¨Ó¡A°õ¦æsndconfig¨Ó³]©w­µ®Ä¥d? sndconfig 1. µe­±¥X²{«á«ö¤UOK¡C 2. µ{¦¡·|¦Û°Ê°»´ú¨ìESS1868¥d¡Aµe­±¸ê°T¦p¤U? A PnP sound card was found in your system. The detail are: Model ESS ES1868 Plug and Play Audio Drive ¡@½Ð«ö¤UOK«ö¶s¡C 3. ±µ¤U¨Ó¬O­µ®Ä´ú¸Õ¡C¥¿±`±¡ªp¤U¡A¤HÁn·|¥X²{¡C½Ð«ö¤UOK«ö¶s¡C 4. ±µ¤U¨Ó¬OMIDI­µ®Ä´ú¸Õ¡C¥¿±`±¡ªp¤U¡A¨Ï¥ÎªÌ·|Å¥¨ì¤@³s¦êªºMIDIÁä½LÁn¡A½Ð«ö¤UOK«ö¶s¡A§¹¦¨­µ®Ä¥d³]©w¡C [«DSound SB ¬Û®e­µ®Ä¥d] ¥H root ¨­¥÷¨Ï¥Î©R¥O sndconfig §Y¥i³]¸m,«D±`¤è«Kªº. ¦pªG¤£¬Osb­µ®Ä¥d, ¸ÕµÛ°µ 1) ¨Ï¥Î sndconfig ¨Ó³]¸m 2) ­×§ï/etc/conf.modules ,¥[¤J¶H³o¼Ë´X¦æ alias sound sb options -k sb io=0x220 irq=5 dma=1,5 alias midi opl3 options -k opl3 io=0x388 3) ¦bwin95/dos¤U,Àˬd§Aªº­µ®Ä¥d¥Ø«eªº¤¤Â_irq¤Îi/o¦ì§}ªº³]©w, ¤â°Ê¸Ë¤J­µ®Ä¥d¼Ò²Õ, ¦p modprobe opl3 irq=5 dma=1,5 io=220 4) ¦pªGÁÙµLªk¤u§@,´N¥u¦n¸Õ¸Õ?§Aªº­µ®Ä¥d­«·s½sĶ¤@­Ó·sªº®Ö¤ß¤F,¦b/usr/src/linux ¤U, °õ¦æ make menuconfig ================================================================================= #sndconfig pci­µ®Ä¥d°t¸m³nÅé $isapnp isa©PÃä³]³Æªì©l¤Æ¤u¨ã $pnpdump ¹î¬Ýpnp³]³Æ¸ê°T,¨Ñisapnp¨Ï¥Î ================================================================================= ¦³ISA PnP¥dªº±¡ªp¡A¬Ý¬Ý¨º­ÓMODEM¦³¨S¦³¦C¥X¨Ó¡C pnpdump > isapnp.conf ¦pªG¦C¥X¨Ó¤F¡A¨º¤@©w¬O¤@­Ó¦h°t¸m³]³Æ¡A±N¨ä¤¤¤@²Õ°Ñ¼Æ«Dª`ÄÀ¡]uncomment¡^µM«á»¡¡G isapnp isapnp.conf ªì©l¤Æ§AªºPnP¼Æ¾Ú¾÷¡C¦pªG¦¨¥\¤F¡A§OµÛ«æ¡AÁÙ±o·F¤@¥ó¨Æ-­«·s°t»s§Aªº¤º®Ö¡C±NStandard/general serial support §ï?¼Ò²Õ¡C­«·s§@¡G make config make dep ; make clean ; make zImage make modules make modules_install ±N©Ò»Ý¤å¥ó«þ¨©¨ì/boot¥Ø¿ý¤¤«á¡A lilo shutdown -r now ¨t²Î­«°_«á¡A§A§@?root»¡ isapnp isapnp.conf insmod serial ³o¼Ë°µªº¹D²z¬O¡A¦pªG¤£½sĶ¦¨¼Ò²Õ¡A¨º?¦ê¤fÅX°Êµ{¦¡¦b¤º®Ö°_°Ê®É¸Õ¹Ïªì©l¤Æ©Ò¦³ªº¦ê¤f¦ý¬OPnP¥d¦]?¨S³QPnPµ{¦¡ªì©l¤Æ¡A¬G¦Ó¦ê¤fÅX°Êµ{¦¡¬Ý¤£¨£¡A»{?¨S¦³³o­ÓªF¦è¡C½sĶ¦¨¼Ò²Õ´N¤£¦P¤F¡A§Ú­Ì¥i¥H¥ý¥Îisapnpµ{¦¡ªì©l¤ÆPnP¥d¡AµM«áinsmod¡C²{¦b¥d¤w¸g³QPnPµ{¦¡ªì©l¤Æ¦n¤F¡A¦]¦Ó¦ê¤fÅX°Êµ{¦¡¥i¥H¬Ý¨£¥¦¤F¡C ================================================================================= /etc/sysconfig/soundcard ­µ®Ä¥d°t¸m¤å¥ó /etc/isapnp.conf isapnp°t¸m¤å¥ó /etc/modules.conf|conf.modules ¼Ò²Õ°t¸m¤å¥ó ¤º®e¡G alias sound sb options -k sb io=0x220 irq=5 dma=1,5 alias midi opl3 options -k opl3 io=0x388 modem°t¸m =================================================================================­º¥ýLinux¨Ã¤£»{¤°?modem,¦Ó¬O¥h§ä¦ê¤f,µM«á¬ÛÃöªºÀ³¥Îµ{¦¡¦bmodem©Ò³s±µªº¦ê¤f³]³Æ¤W ¨Ï¥ÎAT©R¥O¶°»Pmodem¤¬°Ê¦¡±±¨î.©Ò¥H°t¸mmodem¥d¨ä¹ê´N¬O¥h°t¸m¦ê¤f. ¦pªG¬OPnPªºmodem¥d,½Ð¥ý°Ñ¦Ò³]¸mPnP¥d³o¤@¸`.³]¸m¦ê¤fªº¤u¨ã¬Osetserial,°t¸m¤å¥ó¬Or c.serial(¤£¦Pªºµo¦æª©¥i¯à¦ì¸m¤£¤@¼Ë).¦pªG§A¨S¦³¸T¤îPnP¥\¯àªº¸Ü,À³¦b¤º®Ö°t¸mùاâ¦ê¤f³o¤@³¡¤À½sĶ¦¨¼Ò²Õ,³o¼Ëisapnp§âirq/io°Ñ¼Æ³]¦n¥H«ásetserial´N¥i¥H¥¿±`¤u§@¤F. ¥t¥~¦³¨Ç³nÅé¯Ê¬Ù¨Ï¥Î/dev/modem³]³Æ,¨ä¹ê¥¦³q±`¬O¤@­Ó³s±µ,¦pln /dev/cua3 /dev/modem winmodem¤j¦h¤£¯à¤ä´©,linmodem¥i¥H¤ä´©³¡¤Àwinmodem. ================================================================================= ??/etc/ppp/* ================================================================================= ½s¿è/etc/ppp/pap-secrets¤å¥ó¡A¥Ñ©ó¼·¸¹±Ä¥ÎPAPÅçÃҮɡA»Ý¦b¸Ó¤å¥ó¤¤³]¸m¬ÛÀ³¥D«È¤á¾÷¸ê°T¤ÎPAPÅçÃÒ±K½X¡C¦b¸Ó¤å¥ó¤¤³]¸m¦p¤U¡G ¡@¡@admin jsred "" 202.194.177.66 ¡@¡@²Ä¤@¶µ?«È¤á¾÷¦WºÙ©ÎIP¡A²Ä¤G¶µ?¼·¸¹¦øªA¾¹¦WºÙ©ÎIP¡A²Ä¤T¶µ?PAP±K½X¡A¥Ñ©ó§Ú­Ì¨Ï¥Î¼Ð·Çªºpassword¤å¥ó¨Ó¶i¦æ¨­¥÷ÅçÃÒ¡A¦]¦Ó±N³oùتº±K½X¸mªÅ¡A²Ä¥|¶µ?°ÊºA¤À°tµ¹«È¤á¾÷ªºIP¦ì§}¡C ================================================================================= ??$minicom ======================================================================= ¦bª«²z½u¸ô¥¿½T³s±µ«á¥´¶}Modemªº¹q·½¡A¹B¦æminicom¨Ó´ú¸ÕModem¬O§_¤w¸g¥¿½T¦w¸Ë¡C¿é¤Jminicom -s ©R¥O³]¸mModem¬ÛÃö°Ñ¼Æ¡A­º¥ý¬d¬Ý¯Ê¬Ù¦ê¦C¤f¡A¯Ê¬Ù? /dev/modem¡C®Ú¾Ú§A©Ò¥Îªº¦ê¦C¤f±N¤§§ï?/dev/ttyS0©Î/dev/ttyS1¡A¨ä¦¸³]¸m³q«H³t²v¡C¦pªGminicom »PModem³s±µ¦¨¥\¡A¶i¤J·|¸Üª¬ºA¡A¿é¤JATS0=1¡A¦pªGºò±µµÛ¦b¤U¤@¦æ¥X²{OK ¡A ¥BModem ªºAA¿O«G°_¡Amodem¶i¤J¦Û°Ê¦^À³ª¬ºA¡Cªí©úminicom»PModem³q°T¥¿±`¡AModem¥i¥H¥¿±`¤u§@¤F. ================================================================================= ??#setserial spd_vhi baud_base 115200 autoconfig auto_irq ¨Ò setserial /dev/ttyS0 setserial /dev/ttyS0 port 0x100 irq 10 spd_vhi setserial /dev/ttyS0 irq 4 setserial /dev/modem spd_vhi com1->cua0->ttyS0 com2->cua1->ttyS1 com3->cua2->ttyS2 com4->cua3->ttyS3 ======================================================================== PPP|SLIP|CSLIP ¤@¡BSLIP¨ó©w SLIP¬O80¦~¥Nªì¶}©l¥X²{ªº¤@ºØ¦ê¦C½u¸ô¨ó©w¡A80¦~¥N¤¤«á´Á¦¨?°ê»Ú¤W¬y¦æªº¡BÂI¹ïÂI¹B¦æªºTCP/IP¤¤ªº¤@­Ó¼Ð·Ç¡C¦b¼·¸¹³õ¦X¤U¡A¹q¸Ü½u¤W¶Ç¿é³t²v¥i¹F19.2kb/s¡A¾A¥Î¤_¦h¸ô¥Ñ¾¹¡A¦h¥D¾÷¡]¦øªA¾¹¡^©Î¦h«È¤á¾÷¦@¦sªººô¸ôÀô¹Ò,¥i°ò¥»º¡¨¬Internet©MIntranetªº­n¨D¡CSLIP³Ì¤jªº¯SÂI´N¬O²³æ¡A®e©ö¹ê²{¡C³o¤@¯SÂI¤@¤è­±Åé²{¤F©ö¾Þ§@©Ê¡A¦Ó¥t¤@¤è­±¤]±a¨Ó¤F¤@¨t¦C°ÝÃD¡G 1. ³oºØ¨ó©wµL¥ô¦óÀË¿ù©MªÈ¿ù¯à¤O¡A¹ï¦UºØ¥á¥¢³ø¤å©Î¥X¿ù³ø¤åªº³B²z»Ý­n°ª¼h¨ó©w¶i¦æ¡C 2. 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SLIP¥¼³Q±µ¨ü?Internet¼Ð·Ç¡A¦]¦¹¦³«Ü¦h¤£¦Pªºª©¥»¦s¦b¡A¤£©ö¤¬¾Þ§@¡C ¦bISPªº¥Î¤á¤¤¡A¼·¸¹¤è¦¡¦h¦Ó¥BÂø¡A¥L­ÌªºModem©Ò¯à¹F¨ìªº³t²v±q9600b/s¨ì56kb/s¦U¤£¬Û¦P¡A©Ò¤ä´©ªº¼Ð·Ç¤]¦U¤£¬Û¦P¡A³o´N»Ý­n¿ï¥ÎªºÂI¨ìÂI¸ê®Æ³sµ²¨ó©w¨ã³Æ®e¿ù¥H¤Î¤ä´©À£ÁYµ¥¥\¯à¡A³o¼Ë·|´£°ªºô¸ô¶Ç¿éªº®Ä²v¡C ¥t¥~¡A¥Ñ©óIP¦ì§}ªºµu¯Ê¡A?¨C­Ó¼·¸¹¥Î¤á¤À°t¤@­ÓÀRºAIP¦a§}¬O¤£¥i¯àªº¡A¦ý¹q¸Ü¥Î¤á¦P®É¼·¸¹¤Wºôªºµ´¹ï¼Æ¶q¤]¤£·|«Ü¦h¡A¦]¦¹¥i¦Ò¼{°ÊºA¤À°tIP¦ì§}¡C¦pªG¼·¸¹³X°Ý¦øªA¾¹¤W¦³16­Ó«D¦P¨B°ð¡A¶È»Ý¤À°t16­ÓIP¦a§}µ¹¼·¸¹¥Î¤á§Y¥i¡A½Ö¼·³q¬Y¤@°ð¡A½Ö´N¦û¥Î¬ÛÀ³°ðªº¤@­ÓIP¦a§}¡A³oºØ±¡ªp¤U¨Ï¥ÎPPP¨ó©w´N«D±`¾A¦X¡C ¤G¡B PPP¨ó©w ?¤F¸Ñ¨MSLIP¦s¦bªº°ÝÃD¡AInternet IETF¦¨¥ß¤F¤@­Ó²Õ¨Ó¨î©wÂI¨ìÂIªº¸ê®Æ³sµ²¨ó©w¡C¸Ó¼Ð·Ç©R¦W?PPP¡A§YÂI¨ìÂI¨ó©w¡CPPP¯à¤ä´©®t¿ùÀË´ú¡A¤ä´©¦UºØ¨ó©w¡A¦bÁp±µ®ÉIP¦a§}¥i½á­È¡A¨ã¦³¨­¥÷ÅçÃÒ¥\¯à¡A¥H¤Î«Ü¦h¹ïSLIP§ï¶iªº¥\¯à¡CÁöµM¥Ø«e«Ü¦hInternetªA°È´£¨ÑªÌISP¦P®É¤ä´©SLIP©MPPP¡A¦ý±q¤µ«áµo®i¬Ý¡A«Ü©úÅãPPP¬O¥D¬y¡A¥¦¤£¶È¾A¥Î©ó¼·¸¹¥Î¤á¡A¦Ó¥B¾A¥Î¤_¸ô¥Ñ¾¹¹ï¸ô¥Ñ¾¹½u¸ô¡C 1¡DPPP©MSLIP¨ó©wªº¥D­n°Ï§O 1¡^PPP¨ã¦³°ÊºA¤À°tIP¦ì§}ªº¯à¤O¡A¦ÓSLIP¥²¶·ÀRºA¿é¤J¡F 2¡^PPP¤ä´©¦hºØºô¸ô¨ó©w¡A¤ñ¦pTCP/IP¡BNetBEUI¡BNWLINKµ¥¡A¦ÓSLIP¥u¤ä´©TCP/IP¡F 3¡^PPP¨ã¦³¿ù»~ÀË´ú¥H¤ÎªÈ¿ù¯à¤O¡A¤ä´©¸ê®ÆÀ£ÁY¡A¦ÓSLIP§¡¤£¨ã³Æ¡F 4¡^PPP¨ã¦³¨­¥÷ÅçÃÒ¥\¯à¡A¦ÓSLIP¤£¨ã³Æ¡C 2¡DPPPªº¥\¯à\r 1¡^¦¨´Vªº¤èªk¥i²M·¡¦a°Ï¤À´Vªºµ²§ô©M¤U¤@´Vªº¶}©l¡A´V®æ¦¡ÁÙ³B²z®t¿ùÀË´ú¡C 2¡^§Q¥ÎÃì¸ô±±¨î¨ó©w¡]LCP-Link Control Protocol¡^«Ø¥ß¡B°t¸m¡B´ú¸Õ¡BÃö³¬¸ê®Æ³sµ²¡C 3¡^§Q¥Îºô¸ô±±¨î¨ó©w¡]NCP-Network Control Protocol¡^«Ø¥ß¡B°t¸m¤£¦Pªººô¸ô¼h¨ó©w¡C 3¡DPPPªº´V®æ¦¡ ¼Ð»x ¦a§} ±±¨î ¨ó©w ¸ê®Æ ®ÕÅç ¨ä¤¤¼Ð»xÄæ¦ì«ü©ú´Vªº¶}©l©Mµ²§ô¦ì¸m¡F¦ì§}¦ì¤¸²Õ¤@¯ë?¥þ1¡]¼s¼½¤è¦¡¡^¡F¨ó©wÄæ¦ì«ü©ú¨ó©wÃþ«¬¡F¸ê®ÆÄæ¦ì³Ìªø¥i¹F1500¦ì¤¸²Õ¡]ªø«×¥iÅÜ¡A¹w³]­È¤]¬O1500¡^¡F®ÕÅçÄæ¦ì¤@¯ë¦³2¨ì4­Ó¦ì¤¸²Õªø¡C PPPªº´V®æ¦¡Ãþ¦ü©óHDLC¡]High Data Link Protocol¡^ªº´V®æ¦¡¡A¦ý«eªÌ¬O­±¦V¦r¤¸ªº¡A«áªÌ¬O­±¦V¦ìªº¡CPPP¤£±Ä¥Î½s¸¹´V¡A¥u¦³¦b¤zÂZ¤jªºÀô¹Ò¥i±Ä¥Î½s¸¹´V¨Ó¹ê²{¥i¾a¶Ç¿é¡A¦pRFC1663©Ò´y­z¡C ¡P 1.101.4 Setup SCSI Devices Description: Candidates should be able to configure SCSI devices using the SCSI BIOS as well as the necessary Linux tools. They also should be able to differentiate between the various types of SCSI. This objective includes manipulating the SCSI BIOS to detect used and available SCSI IDs and setting the correct ID number for different devices especially the boot device. It also includes managing the settings in the computer's BIOS to determine the desired boot sequence if both SCSI and IDE drives are used. Key files, terms, and utilities include: SCSI ID /proc/scsi/scsi scsi³]³Æ¸ê°T scsi_info ¹î¬Ýscsi³]³Æ¸ê°T !! scsiÁ`½u³t«×³q±`?5~160MB ´¶³qscsi¶×¬y±Æ¥i¥H±µ8­Ó³]³Æ(¥]¬ASCSI±±¨î¾¹),scsi id 0~7 widescsi¶×¬y±Æ¥i¥H±µ16­Ó³]³Æ(¥]¬ASCSI±±¨î¾¹),scsi id 0~15 scsi±±¨î¾¹ªºid?id 7 ³q±`¥Î¨Ó?°Êªº³]³Æ,scsi id ?0 scsiµwºÐ:/dev/sda;sdb;sdc scsiºÏ±a:/dev/st0;st1;st2 scsi¥úºÐ¾÷:/dev/scd0;scd1;scd2 scsi bios ³]©w: ?°Ê³]³Æ scsi id scsi ³t«× ²×µ²¾¹ ¡P 1.101.5 Setup different PC expansion cards Description: Candidates should be able to configure various cards for the various expansion slots. They should know the differences between ISA and PCI cards with respect to configuration issues. This objective includes the correct settings of IRQs, DMAs and I/O Ports of the cards, especially to avoid conflicts between devices. It also includes using isapnp if the card is an ISA PnP device. Key files, terms, and utilities include: /proc/dma /proc/interrupts /proc/ioports /proc/pci pnpdump(8) isapnp(8) !!°ò¥»¨BÆJ´N¬O: 1) ¹B¦æ pnpdump > isapnp.conf 2) ­×§ï isapnp.conf , «ö·Ó§A»Ý­nªº°t¸m, ¥h±¼¬ÛÀ³¦æ«e­±ªº# 3) §â·sªºisapnp.conf, «þ¨©¨ì/etc, µM«á/sbin/isapnp /etc/isapnp.conf lspci(8) ¥Î¨Ó¹î¬Ýpci³]³Æªºª¬ºA ¨Ò: lspci -t -vvv ¥H¾ðª¬Åã¥Üpci³]³Æ¸Ô²Ó¸ê°T ¡P 1.101.6 Configure Communication Devices Description: Candidates should be able to install and configure different internal and external communication devices like modems, ISDN adapters, and DSL switches. This objective includes verification of compatibility requirements (especially important if that modem is a winmodem), necessary hardware settings for internal devices (IRQs, DMAs, I/O ports), and loading and configuring suitable device drivers. It also includes communication device and interface configuration requirements, such as the right serial port for 115.2 Kbps, and the correct modem settings for outbound PPP connection(s). Key files, terms, and utilities include: /proc/dma /proc/interrupts /proc/ioports setserial(8) ¡P 1.101.7 Configure USB devices Description: Candidates should be able to activate USB support, use and configure different USB devices. This objective includes the correct selection of the USB chipset and the corresponding module. It also includes the knowledge of the basic architecture of the layer model of USB as well as the different modules used in the different layers. Key files, terms, and utilities include: lspci(8) Åã¥Üpci³]³Æ usb-uhci.o UHCI (Intel PIIX4, VIA, ...) support usb-ohci.o OHCI (Compaq, iMacs, OPTi, SiS, ALi, ...) support usbcore.o usb®Ö¤ß¤ä´© ??/etc/usbmgr/ usbmodules ??/etc/hotplug Ãþ¤ñ³nºÐ A suitable entry for a floppy disk would be: /dev/sda /mnt/usbfd auto noauto,user 0 0 Ãþ¤ñµwºÐ A suitable entry for a Zip disk would be: /dev/sda1 /mnt/usbzip vfat noauto,user 0 0 °ÝÃD: /etc/ppp/* Topic 107 Printing 笔记 Topic 107 Printing ¡P 1.107.2 Manage printers and print queues Description: The candidate should be able to manage print queues and user print jobs. This objective includes monitoring print server and user print queues and troubleshooting general printing problems. Key files, terms, and utilities include: lpc ¦Lªí¾÷±±¨î lpq ¦C¦L¦î¦CÅã¥Ü-l ¸Ô²Ó¸ê®Æ -P¦Lªí¾÷¦W -a ©Ò¦³¦C¦L¦î¦C lprm ¦C¦L¦î¦C§R°£ lpr ²æ¾÷¦C¦L -C class A(lowest)-Z(highest ) lpr -C B test.txt -h ¤£Åã¥Ütitle -K -# -P printer -T title ================================================================= Linux¤Uªº¦C¦L¤u§@ ¡@¡@¦bLinux¤U±Ä¥Î©PÃä¦P§@¡]spooling¡^¦C¦L¤èªk¡A·í¥Î¤á»Ý­n¦C¦L¤@­Ó¤å¥ó®É¡A¸Ó¤å¥ó¨Ã¤£ª½±µ°e¨ì¦Lªí¾÷¡A¦Ó¬O°e¨ìspool¥Ø¿ý¤U¡AµM«á¥Ñ¤@­Ó­t³d¦C¦Lªº«á»O¶iµ{§â³o¨Ç¸ê®Æ°e¤J¦Lªí¾÷¡C ¡@¡@Linux¹ï¨C¥x¦Lªí¾÷³£©w¸q¤F¤@­Ó¦C¦L½w½Ä°Ï¡A¦Lªí¾÷¦uÅ@µ{¦¡¸g±`±½´y¦C¦L½w½Ä°Ï¥H¬d¬Ý¦³µL­n¦C¦Lªº·s¤å¥ó¡C¦pªG¦s¦b¡A´N«ö¥ý¶i¥ý¥Xªº¶¶§Ç¦C¦L½w½Ä°Ï¤¤ªº¤å¥ó¡C ¡@¡@Linux¨t²Î°£¤F¥i¥H¦b¥»¦a¦Lªí¾÷¤W¦C¦L¥~¡AÁÙ¥i¥H³q¹Lºô¸ô¦Lªí¾÷»·ºÝ¦C¦L¡C ¡@¡@¥Î©ó¦C¦Lªº©R¥O ¡@¡@Linux¨t²Î´£¨Ñ¤F¤@²Õ¦³Ãö¦C¦Lªº©R¥O¡C¤@¯ë±¡ªp¤U¡A¦C¦L©R¥O¨Ï¥ÎÀq»{¦Lªí¾÷¡F¦pªG¥Î¤á©w¸q¤FPRINTERÀô¹ÒÅܼơA¦C¦L©R¥O´N¨Ï¥Î³o­ÓÅܼƩw¸qªº¦Lªí¾÷¡F¥t¥~¡A¥Î¤áÁÙ¥i¥H¦b©R¥O¦æ¤W«ü©w­n¨Ï¥Îªº¦Lªí¾÷¡C ¡@¡@lpr©R¥O ¡@¡@lpr©R¥O¬O²æ¾÷¦C¦L©R¥O¡A¸Ó©R¥O±N¦C¦L§@·~©ñ¨ì¦C¦L½w½Ä¦î¦C¤¤¡C?Linux¨t²Î«ü©wªº¨C¥x¦Lªí¾÷³£¦³¦Û¤vªº¦C¦L½w½Ä¥Ø¿ý¡A¨C­Ó¥Ø¿ý¤¤ªºminfree¤å¥ó«ü©w«O¦s¦C¦L¤å¥óªººÏ¤ù¶ôªº¼Æ¶q¡C lpr¦Plpd¦uÅ@¶iµ{³q°T¡Alpd±½´y/etc/printcap¤å¥ó¡A¬d¸ß¦Lªí¾÷¹ïÀ³ªº½w¦s¥Ø¿ý¡AµM«á¥Ñlpd±±¨î¦C¦L¡A±N»Ý­n¦C¦Lªº¸ê®Æ°e¨ì¹ê»Ú¦Lªí¾÷¤W¡C¦pªG¨S¦³«ü©w¤å¥ó¡Alpr´N¨Ï¥Î¼Ð·Ç¿é¤J¡C ¡@¡@lpr©R¥Oªº®æ¦¡?¡G lpr [-P printer] [#num] [¨ä¥L¿ï¶µ] [name¡K] ©R¥O¤¤¦U¿ï¶µªº§t¸q¦p¤U¡G ¡@¡@-P «ü©w¦Lªí¾÷¡C¦pªG¤£¥Î¦¹¿ï¶µ¡A«h¨Ï¥Î¯Ê¬Ù¦Lªí¾÷©ÎÀô¹ÒÅܼÆPRINTER«ü©wªº¦Lªí¾÷¡C ¡@¡@-m ¦C¦L§¹²¦«áµo°eemail¡C ¡@¡@-#num ¦C¦Lnum¥÷¡C ¡@¡@lpq©R¥O ¡@¡@lpq¬O½w½Ä¦î¦CÀˬd©R¥O¡A¥¦³q¹Llpd¦b½w½Ä°Ï¤¤Àˬd¦C¦L¤å¥ó¡A³ø§i«ü©w§@·~ªºª¬ºA©Î«ü©w¥Î¤áªº©Ò¦³§@·~¡C¤£±a¥ô¦ó°Ñ¼Æªºlpq©R¥OÅã¥Ü²{¦b¦î¦C¤¤ªº¥ô¦ó§@·~¡Clpq©R¥OªºÅã¥Üµ²ªG¤¤¤@­Ó­«­nªº¸ê°T´N¬O§@·~¼ÐÃѸ¹¡]§@·~ID¡^¡A¥¦¼ÐÃѤ@­Ó¯S©wªº§@·~¡C¦pªG¥Î¤á·Q¨ú®ø¤@­Ó¬E°_ªº§@·~¡A´N¥²¶·¦b©R¥O¤¤«ü©w³o­Ó¼ÐÃѸ¹¡C ¡@¡@lpq©R¥Oªº®æ¦¡?¡G lpq [-l] [-P printer] [job #] [user¡K] ©R¥O¤¤¦U¿ï¶µªº§t¸q¦p¤U¡G ¡@¡@-P «ü©w¤@­Ó¦Lªí¾÷¡A§_«h¨Ï¥Î¯Ê¬Ù¦Lªí¾÷©ÎÀô¹ÒÅܼÆPRINTER«ü©wªº¦Lªí¾÷¡C ¡@¡@-l ¦C¦L²Õ¦¨§@·~ªº©Ò¦³¤å¥óªº¸ê°T¡C ¹ï´£¥æªº¨C¤@­Ó§@·~¡Alpq³ø§i¥Î¤á¦W¡B¦b¦î¦C¤¤ªº¯Å§O¡B²Õ¦¨§@·~ªº¤å¥ó¡B§@·~¼ÐÃÑ¥H¤ÎÁ`ªº¤j¤pµ¥¸ê°T¡C ¡@¡@lprm©R¥O ¡@¡@lprm©R¥O¥Î©ó±q½w½Ä¦î¦C¤¤§R°£¦C¦L§@·~¡A¥Î¤á¥i¥H¨Ï¥Î¸Ó©R¥O±q½w½Ä¦î¦C¤¤§R°£ÄÝ©ó¦Û¤vªº¤@­Ó©Î¦h­Ó¦C¦L§@·~¡C ¡@¡@lprm©R¥Oªº®æ¦¡?¡G lprm [-P printer] [-] [job #] [user¡K] ©R¥O¤¤¦U¿ï¶µªº§t¸q¦p¤U¡G ¡@¡@-P «ü©w¤@­Ó¦Lªí¾÷¡A§_«h¨Ï¥Î¯Ê¬Ù¦Lªí¾÷©ÎÀô¹ÒÅܼÆPRINTER«ü©wªº¦Lªí¾÷¡C ¡@¡@- §R°£¥Î¤á©Ò¦³ªº¦C¦L§@·~¡C ¡@¡@user §R°£¦î¦C¤¤ÄÝ©ó¥Î¤áuserªº§@·~¡]¥u¦³¶W¯Å¥Î¤á¥i¥H³o¼Ë°µ¡^¡C ¡@¡@job # ³q¹L«ü©w§@·~¸¹#§R°£¬Y­Ó¦C¦L§@·~¡A§@·~¸¹¥i¥H³q¹Llpq©R¥O±o¨ì¡A¦p¡G ¡@¡@$ lpq -l ¡@¡@lst:ken [job #013ucbarpa] ¡@¡@¡]standard input¡^ 100 bytes ¡@¡@$ lprm 13 ¡@¡@¦C¦L½w½Ä°Ï¥Ø¿ý ¡@¡@¹ï¦C¦L¦Ó¨¥¡A¦³¤@­Ó«D±`­«­nªº¥Ø¿ý¡A´N¬O¦C¦L½w½Ä°Ï¥Ø¿ý¡A­n¦C¦Lªº¸ê®Æ¦b³Q¦C¦L¤§«e³£¶°¤¤¨ì³oùØ¡C³q±`¤@¥x¦Lªí¾÷¹ïÀ³¤@­Ó¦C¦L½w½Ä°Ï¥Ø¿ý¡A³o¼Ë¤ñ¸û®e©öºÞ²z¦Lªí¾÷¡C¨Ò¦p¡A¨t²Î¨Ï¥Î/var/spool/lpd§@?¥D¦C¦L½w½Ä°Ï¡A¨C­Ó³æ¿Wªº¦Lªí¾÷³£¦b¥D¦C¦L½w½Ä°Ï¤U¦³¤@­Ó»P³o¥x¦Lªí¾÷¦P¦Wªº¥Ø¿ý¡C¦]¦¹¡A¦W?ps_nffªº¦Lªí¾÷§â/var/spool/lpd/ps_nff§@?¥¦ªº¦C¦L½w½Ä°Ï¥Ø¿ý¡C lpc(8) µ{¦¡¥Î¨Ó±±¨î lpd ´£¨Ñ¦C¦Lªº¦C¦L¾÷¡C³q¹L lpc µ{¦¡¥i±±¨î¦C¦L¾÷ªº¦C¦L¥\¯à¡B¦C¦L¥ô°È¦C¶¤¡B­«·s¦w±Æ¦C¶¤¦¸§Ç©M´£¨Ñ¦C¦L¾÷©M¦C¶¤ª¬ªp¡C lpc ¦h¼Æ¥Î©ó³]¸m¨t²Î®É¤@¾÷°t¸m¦h¦C¦L¾÷ªº±¡ªp¡C $ lpc ¤W­z«ü¥O±Ò°Ê lpc µ{¦¡¡C¦b¤£³]¸m¥ô¦ó°Ñ¼Æªº±¡ªp¤U¡A³o¨Ï¥Î¤á¶i¤J¤¬°Ê¼Ò¦¡¡A¦¹«á¥i¶}©l¿é¤J«ü¥O¡C¨Ï¥Î lpc ªº¥t¤@­Ó¤è¦¡¬O±q«ü¥O¦æ¿é¤J°Ñ¼Æ¡C $ lpc status all ©Ò¦³¥i¥Îªº«ü¥O§¡¦b lpd ªº¨Ï¥Î»¡©ú¡]man page¡^¤º¥i¥H¬d¨ì¡C¦¹³B¦C¥X¤@¨Ç¥D­n«ü¥O¡C«ü¥O¤¤§@¬° ¿ï¶µ ¦C¥Xªº³¡¤À¥i¥H¬O¦C¦L¾÷¦W¡]lp¡Bprint µ¥¡^©ÎÃöÁä¦r all¡A¦¹³Bªí¥Ü©Ò¦³¦C¦L¾÷¡C disable ¿ï¶µ - ¤£Åý¦C¦L¾÷¦A±µ¨ü·sªº¦C¦L¥ô°È down ¿ï¶µ - °±¤î¦C¦L¾÷ªº¤@¤Á¦C¦L enable ¿ï¶µ - ¤¹³\¦C¦L¥ô°È¶i¤J¦C¦L¦C¶¤ quit (©Î exit) - °±¤î lpc ¹B¦æ restart ¿ï¶µ - ­«·s¶}©l¦C¦L¾÷ªº lpd status ¿ï¶µ - ¦L¥X¦C¦L¾÷ªº¾÷ªp up ¿ï¶µ - ­«·s°_©l¨Ã¶}©l·sªº lpd abort topq hold ============================================================== ¡P 1.107.3 Print files Description: Candidates should be able to manage print queues and manipulate print jobs. This objective includes adding and removing jobs from configured printer queues and converting text files to postscript for printing. Key files, terms, and utilities include: lpr lpq mpage §â¦h­¶¤º®e¦C¦L¦b¤@±i¯È¤W ¡P 1.107.4 Install and configure local and remote printers Candidate should be able to install a printer daemon, install and configure a print filter (e.g.: apsfilter, magicfilter). This objective includes making local and remote printers accessible for a Linux system, including postscript, non-postscript, and Samba printers. Key files, terms, and utilities include: lpd checkpc ÀËÅç/etc/printcap /etc/printcap ~/printcap /etc/apsfilter/*/ /var/lib/apsfilter/*/ /etc/magicfilter/*/ /var/spool/lpd/*/ /etc/lpd.conf LPRng config ============================================================ Q1. ³o­Ó¨t²Î«ç?³o?Äê¡H¥u¯à¦C¦L 6 ­¶¡A¶W¹L 6 ­¶´NÅã¥Ü¡§file too large ¡]¤åÀɤӪø¡^¡¨¡C A5. ¦b /etc/printcap Àɤ¤¦³¤@­Ó°Ñ¼Æ»P¦C¦Lªº¤åÀɪø«×¦³Ãö¡C¹w³]­È¬O 1000 ½L°Ï¡]¬ù 500 k¡^¡C¹ï PostScript ³oÃþ¤åÀɦӨ¥¡A³o¤j¬ù¬O 7-8 ­¶¥ª¥kªºªø«×¡C¦]¦¹°È¥²¦b¦Lªí¾÷ªº³]©w¤¤¥[¤J¤U¦C¤º®e¡G mx=0 ªþ¥[³o­Ó«ü¥Oªº¥D­n­ì¦]¬O¤£¨Ï¥Î©PÃä¦P§@¡C¥t¤@­Ó§¹¦¨³o¶µ¤u§@ªº¤èªk¬O¥Î lpr ¦b©PÃä¦P§@¥Ø¿ý¤º¹ï¦C¦Lªº¤åÀɥͦ¨³n³s±µ¡C°È¥²°O±o¨C¦¸§¡»Ý¦b lpr «ü¥O¤¤¨Ï¥Î -s ¿ï¶µ¡C Q2. ¤°?¬OÅ]³N¿zÀ˵{¦¡¡]magic filter¡^¡H A3. Å]³N¿zÀ˵{¦¡¬O¤@ºØ®Ú¾Ú¤åÀɪººØÃþ±Ä¨ú¦æ°Êªº¿zÀ˵{¦¡¡C¨Ò¦p¡A¦pªG¤åÀɬO¨S¦³±Æª©®æ¦¡ªº¤å¥»¤åÀɮɡA«h§Q¥Î¤@¯ë¦C¦L¤è¦¡¦C¦L¡C¦pªG¤åÀɬO PostScript ¤åÀɩΨä¥L®æ¦¡¤åÀÉ¡A«h¥Î¨ä¥L¤è¦¡¦C¦L¡] ghostscript ¡^¡C±`¥ÎªºÅ]³N¿zÀ˵{¦¡¦³ magicfilter ©M APSfilter¡C¨Ï¥Î³oÃþ¿zÀ˵{¦¡ªº¤@¶µ­nÂI¬O¦b¦w¸Ë¿zÀ˵{¦¡¤§«e¥²»Ý¥ý¦w¸ËÀ³¥Î³nÅé¡C »Ý­nª`·N³o¶µ­nÂIªº²z¥Ñ¬O¦b¦w¸Ë magicfilter ®É¡A³o­ÓÅ]³N¿zÀ˵{¦¡·|¬d¸ß¨t²Î¤¤¸Ë¦³¦óºØ¦C¦Lµ{¦¡¡]¨Ò¦p ghostscript¡A¦pªG§ä¨ì ghostscript¡A«h magicfilter ´Nª¾¹D¥¦¯à³B²z PostScript ®æ¦¡ªº¤åÀÉ¡^¡AµM«á®Ú¾Ú§ä¨ìªº¦C¦Lµ{¦¡§@¥X¬ÛÀ³ªº³]©w¡C¦pªG¨t²Î­n³B²z©Ò¦³¦C¦L¤åÀÉ¡A¥i¯à¦Ü¤Ö±o¦w¸Ë¤U¦Cµ{¦¡¡G GhostScript TeX NetPBM jpeg utilities ¡]Ķª`¡Gjpeg ¤u¨ã³nÅé¡^ gzip Ghostscript ¬O PostScript ¦Lªí¾÷Ãþ¤ñµ{¦¡¡A³z¹L³nÅéÃþ¤ñ¡A¥i¥HÅý«D PostScript ¦Lªí¾÷¡A¤]¯à¦L¥X PostScript ¤å¥ó¡C ======================================================================== /etc/printcap;/etc/printcap.local (¥Î¤áÀ³¸Ó­×§ï/etc/printcap.local,¦Ó¤£¬O;/etc/printcap) °ò¥»¤W, ­n¼W¥[¤@­Ó¦C¦L¦î¦C, §A¥²¶·¦b /etc/printcap ¤¤¥[¤@µ§°O¿ý, ¥H¤Î¦b /var/spool/lpd ¤§¤U«Ø¥ß¤@­Ó¦C¦L¼È¦s¾¹ªº¤u§@¥Ø¿ý(spool directory). /etc/printcap ¤¤ªº°O¿ý¬Ý°_¨Ó¹³³o­Ó¼Ë¤l: # LOCAL djet500 lp|dj|deskjet:\ :sd=/var/spool/lpd/dj:\ :mx#0:\ :lp=/dev/lp0:\ :sh: ³o­Ó¨Ò¤l©w¸q¤F¤@­Ó¦W¬° lp, dj, ©Î¬O deskjet ªº¦C¦L¼È¦s¾¹, ¼È¦s¾¹ªº¤u§@¥Ø¿ý¦b /var/spool/lpd/dj, ¨S¦³³æ¤@¤u§@¤j¤pªº¤W­­, ¦C¦Lªº¸Ë¸m¬O /dev/lp0, ¦Ó¥B¤£·|¦b¨C¤@­Ó¤u§@¤§«e¥[¤W¼ÐÃD­¶ (¦³µÛ¦C¦L¤Hªº©m¦W¤§Ãþªº¸ê®Æ). ¤W­±³o­Ó¨Ò¤l¬Ý°_¨Ó«D±`²³æ, ¦ý¬O¦³¤@­Ó°ÝÃD - °£«D DeskJet 500 ¯à¬ÝÀ´§Ú°e¥X¥hªºÀÉ®×, §_«h«K·|¦L¥X¶Ã½X. Á|¨Ò¨Ó»¡, °²¦p°e¤@­Ó¶Ç²Îªº Unix ¤å¦rÀÉ®×µ¹ deskjet ·|¾É­P·s¦æ¦r¤¸(newline) ³Q³v¦r¦C¦L, ¦Ó±o¤U­±ªºµ²ªG: This is line one. This is line two. This is line three. ¦P¼Ëªº, ¦C¦L¤@­Ó PostScript Àɨì³o­Ó¦C¦L¼È¦s¾¹·|±o¨ì¦P¼Ë¶¥±èª¬ªº PostScript ©R¥O¦Cªí, ¦Ó¤£¬O§Ú­Ì»Ý­nªºµ²ªG. «ÜÅãµM§Ú­ÌÁٻݭn¨Ç¤°»ò, ³o´N¬O filtering ªº¥Øªº. ¬Ý¹L printcap ½u¤W¤âÉmªº¤ñ¸û²Ó¤ßªºÅªªÌ¥i¯à¤w¸gª`·N¨ì if ¤Î of ³o¨â­ÓÄÝ©Ê. ¨ä¤¤ªº if, input filter ´N¬O§Ú­Ì²{¦b©Ò»Ý­nªº. °²¨Ï§Ú­Ì¼g­Óµuµuªº shell script ¥s filter ¨Ï¤§¦b·s¦æ¦r¤¸¤§«e¥[¤W¦^¨®¦r¤¸(carriage return), ´N¥i¥H®ø°£¶¥±èª¬. ©Ò¥H§Ú­Ì¥²¶·¦b«e­±ªº printcap ªº°O¿ý¤¤¥[¤W if ³o¤@¦æ: lp|dj|deskjet:\ :sd=/var/spool/lpd/dj:\ :mx#0:\ :lp=/dev/lp0:\ :if=/var/spool/lpd/dj/filter:\ :sh: ³o­Óµuµuªº filter script ¥i¥H¬O: #!perl # The above line should really have the whole path to perl # This script must be executable: chmod 755 filter while(<STDIN>){chop $_; print "$_\r\n";}; # You might also want to end with a form feed: print "\f"; °²¦p§Ú­Ì·Ó¤W­±ªº¤èªk, §Ú­Ì´N·|±o¨ì¤@­Ó¯à¥¿±`¦L¥X´¶³q Unix ¤å¦rÀɪº¦C¦L¼È¦s¾¹. (ÁÙ¦³¨ä¥L¥|¦Ê¸UºØ§ó¦nªº¤èªk¨Ó¼g³o­Ó©R¥O½Z, ¦ý¬O³o­Ó«Ü¾A¦XÁ|¨Ò, §A¥i¥H¦Û¤v¼g¤@­Ó§ó¦³®Ä²vªº.) ³Ñ¤Uªº°ß¤@°ÝÃD¬O¥u¯à¦L¥X¯Â¤å¦rÀɹê¦b¬O¤£°÷¦n - ¦pªG¯à°÷¦L¥X PostScript ©Î¬O¨ä¥L®æ¦¡¤Æªº©Î¬O¹Ï§Î¿é¥X´N§ó´Î¤F. ³o¥i¥H°µªº¨ì, ¤]«Ü®e©ö°µ¨ì. ¤èªk´N¬O©µ¦ù«e­±ªº filter. ¦pªG§A¼g¥X¤@­Ó¯à±µ¨ü¥ô·NÀɮ׮榡, µM«á°w¹ï¨CºØ±¡ªp³£¥i¥H²£¥Í DeskJet ©Ò­nªº¸ê®Æªº filter, ¨º§A´N¦³¤F¤@­Ó´¼¼z«¬ªº¦C¦L¼È¦s¾¹. ³oºØ filter ºÙ¤§¬° magic filter. §AµL»Ý¦Û¤v¼g¤@­Ó, °£«D§A­n¦LªºªF¦è«Ü©_©Ç. ºô¸ô¤W¤w¸g¦³«Ü¦h¼g¦nªº, APS Filter ´N¬O«D±`´Îªº¤@­Ó. ¤]»¡¤£©w§Aªº Linux µo¦æª©¥»(distribution) ¤w¸g¥]¬A¤F¤@­Ó¦Lªí¾÷³]©w¤u¨ã¨Ï±o³o¤@¤Á³£«Ü®e©ö. # /etc/printcap PS|PostScript:\ :sd=/var/spool/lpd/postscript:\ spool¥Ø¿ý :mx#0:\ ³Ì¤j¥ô°È :lp=/dev/lp0:\ ¦C¦L°ð :if=/var/spool/lpd/postscript/filter:\ ¦C¦L¿zÀ˵{¦¡ :sh:\